Are Earthquakes Becoming More Frequent: GCSE Case study

During this case study, I will be investigating a question: are earthquakes are becoming more frequent? Throughout this investigation, I will be explaining how earthquakes are detected, how they are caused, presenting an argument for and against this debate etc. At the end of my case study, I will formulate an opinion based on the evidence that I have gathered. I will also be questioning the reliability of my sources of information. If you want to analyse the sources yourself, the links to the websites will be available on the bibliography page. I will also acquire statistics to further support the argument being made by both sides. Diagrams will give visual aid to help understand this controversial issue. (Picture of earthquake damaged buildings) What are earthquakes? Firstly, Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly; the rocks catch on each other. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground) is called the epicenter of the earthquake. (picture showing epicentre of earthquake) Earthquakes can cause a lot of damage. Earthquakes have the power to uproot trees and send them crashing into buildings. They can trigger landslides and avalanches, and cause flooding and tsunamis. Human structures are also at risk. It is interesting to note that tall buildings will sustain the least damage if they are located directly at the epicenter. This is because they can withstand the up-and-down motion of P-waves. S-waves, on the other hand, occur far away from the epicenter, and cause the greatest stress by shaking buildings from side to side. These buildings are often knocked off their foundations. (Diagram of P and s-waves)

Financial Data Analysis

Introduction Between the years 2009 and 2008 there were multiple financial changes to the Patton – Fuller Community Hospital. Using a combination of the balance sheet, statement of revenue and expenses, and also the 2009 hospital’s annual report we are able to see how the years differ in a financial situation. This paper will explain the differences in the finances that had the largest impact on the company as a whole. Balance Sheet The assets of the company played a large role in the large jump of the numbers between 2009 and 2008. Between the two years there was a total change of 7. 5 percent of the total asset which equaled $39,232 dollars. The largest change came from a 56. 10 percent increase in the patient’s accounts receivables, a change of $21,121 dollars. Cash and cash flow equivalents equaled a 45. 10 percent decrease, a change of $18,856 dollars. The inventories offered a 19 percent increase, a change of $10,026 dollars (Apollo Group, 2013). According to the annual report, there was a 1 million dollar donation that provided the hospital with an opportunity to buy new equipment and supplies (Apollo Group, 2013). The liabilities of the company also proved to have multiple changes over time.Due to the purchase of the new equipment there has been a large increase of the debt accrued by the company according to the annual report. Borrowing became necessary to cover all the necessary equipment. The report also stated that an increase of supply purchases would save money in the long run due to the discounted cost at the time of the purchase (Apollo Group, 2013). The current long term debt increased 114. 80 percent a change of $10,414 dollars. The accrued expenses also rose 119. 80 percent a change of $5,013 dollars, leaving a total liability increase of 16. percent companywide leaving a change of $248,703 dollars. (Apollo Group, 2013). The total equity of the company fell between 2009 and 2008. The hospital did not do so well, although most of the shortfall can be attributed to the increase of assets they accrued over the change of 2009 to 2008. The retained earnings between the two years fell 62. 50 percent a loss of $209,471 dollars. This pushed the total liabilities and equity up by 71. 50 percent providing a difference of $39,232 dollars. 2008 proved to be a better year for the company then 2009 (Apollo Group, 2013).Statement of Revenue and Expenses The Patton – Fuller Community Hospital ended the year of 2009 with a new income of a negative $373 dollars. This is actually an increase of revenue from the loss of $15,846 dollars they finished with in 2008. The percentage of change between the two years increased to 97. 60 percent. The total expenses between the two years can attribute to the large changes that were made with the net income. In 2009 the company had a total expense of $463,293 dollars, an increase of spending by 59. 20 percent from 2008 when the total expenses were $437,424 (Apollo Group, 2 013).Between 2009 and 2008 there were slight increases of the revenues by the company. In influx of patients were seen in 2009 leaving a 9. 90 percent change of $41,391 dollars between the two years. Other revenues also provide a 9. 87 percent change leading to a $277 increase for 2009. The total revenues equaled $41,668 more dollars for the company in 2009. With a 9. 89 percent increase of revenue 2009 made $462,982 dollars compared to the $421,314 dollars made in 2008 (Apollo Group, 2013). 2009 provided an increase of the fixed assets; in result of this we saw an increase by 44 percent for the depreciation and amortization of the company.The total operating income fell 98. 10 percent in 2009. Although the company was negative $311 dollars, it was still a better place to be then the $16,110 dollars from 2008. The company had a non-operating income loss of $62 dollars which was a 76. 50 percent change from 2008 of $264 dollars (Apollo Group, 2013). Conclusion When a company is provi ded with a large donation it can do great things for what the facilities are able to provide to their patients. With the increase of new equipment and supplies the company’s need to finance has become apparent by their financial records.Although it is good to have new amenities for the patients, running a company on credit is not always what is best. There is a large need for the Patton – Fuller Community Hospital to watch spending and decrease their financial debts. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). Patton – Fuller Community Hospital. Annual Report 2009. Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). Patton – Fuller Community Hospital. Balance sheet as of December 31, 2009 and 2008. Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). Patton – Fuller Community Hospital. Statement of Revenue and Expense 2009 and 2008. Financial Data Analysis Financial Data Analysis Daphnnee Johnson HCS 577 March 18, 2013 Sharon Gomes-Sanders Financial Data Analysis After reviewing the balance sheet for Patton-Fuller Hospital for 2008 and 2009, there are significant differences that are noticeable. The retained earnings (or â€Å"Net Worth† or â€Å"Unrestricted Fund Balance†) drastically decreased from 2008 to 2009 (Apollo Group, 2006). The dollar amount decrease is -209,471, this makes a decrease of over 65%. Long-term debt increase to more than 116% from 2008 to 2009 as well (Apollo Group, 2006). This is a massively huge increase.Total current liabilities also increase as a whole by 184. 09% (Apollo Group, 2006). Major differences are also noted on the statement of revenue and expenses. The operating income decreased by 98% from 2008 to 2009 (Apollo Group, 2006). Net income also decreased between these years by the same percentage. Non-operating income decreased by 77% as well. The total revenue and expenses all seem with in normal range, but the operating income, non-operating income, and net income all have decreased and drastically (Apollo Group, 2006). The total revenue increased by 10% that is $41,668. The expenses increased by $25,869 or 5. 1%. These all seem like reasonable slight increases (Apollo Group, 2006). Many factors can contribute to why there are so many fluctuations and changes between 2008 and 2009. This information usually can be found in the organization’s annual report. Upon reviewing the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital’s annual report, I could deduct some possible explanations for the drastic change in numbers from 2008 to 2009 (Apollo Group, 2006). One possible explanations is, â€Å"Utilities and other costs – contracted maintenance, some professional fees, and computer and other usage fees – do not fluctuate† (Apollo Group, 2006, p. ). This would be an accurate reason the revenue seems so different. Another factor that made Patton-Fuller C ommunity Hospital’s numbers change so drastically between the two years is the passing of the hospital’s benefactor, Abigail Baderman (Apollo Group, 2006). This occurred in 2008, but in 2009 in accordance to her will, the hospital received a money donation from her estate. This $1,000,000 donation is noted as an unrestricted donation (Apollo Group, 2006). This unrestricted donation is recorded on the Interim Statement of Income in December 2009 (Apollo Group, 2006). Declines in the stock market and real estate markets resulted in a sharp drop in the return on investment income. This caused PFCH to reassess the value of its investments and, on their auditors’ advice, to write down those assets (Apollo Group, 2006, p. 3). Another reason the number were so drastically different was because every December Patton-Fuller Community Hospital conducts an annual inventory (Apollo Group, 2006). When the hospital conducted its inventory their expenses for their supplies wer e way underestimated by about a million dollars (Apollo Group, 2006).So this had to be added on as a cost to December’s statement. This underestimate of supply expenses made January to November’s reports not correct, so December had to report the actual figures (Apollo Group, 2006). Therefore, December looked like it was a crazy month for the hospital. â€Å"Following the favorable settlement of some managed care contract disputes, net patient revenue increased by 9% over the previous year, with an average 6% increase in expenses. However, the new arrangement allowed slower payment by the managed care companies, and Patient Accounts Receivable have risen sharply† (Apollo Group, 2006, p. ). The Board at Patton-Fuller wanted to take advantage of a heavy discount on new equipment so they moved some money around to purchase the discounted equipment (Apollo Group, 2006). This was possible by using cash and releasing restricted assets, and borrowing as necessary (Apol lo Group, 2006). â€Å"Declines in the stock market and real estate markets resulted in a sharp drop in the return on investment income. This caused PFCH to reassess the value of its investments and, on their auditors’ advice, to write down those assets (Apollo Group, 2006, p. 3). In conclusion, there were some drastic difference between the ears 2008 and 2009 on both the statement of revenue and expenses as well as the balance sheet. However, all of these significant changes, whether they are positive or negative changes can all be accounted for by various factors. Some of the factors included a generous donation of a million dollars, favorable settlements of managed care contract disputes, investments in new, discounted equipment, and the underestimation of the supply expenses. References Apollo Group. (2006). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital [Multimedia]. Retrieved from Apollo Group, HCS577 – Financial Management in Health Care website.

Aftershock: World War I and its Political, Social and Economic Legacy to America Essay

Though the major fighting in World War I was largely confined to a relatively limited area (Western Europe, the Balkan peninsula, Russia and the Alpine frontier of Austria-Hungary and Italy, and what is now known as the Middle East), millions people all over the world felt the effects of war. In its wake, the war left over10 million people dead, with the men lost in combat leaving a deep chasm in the socio-economic milieu of the post-war world (Ellis and Cox 20). On the American home front, significant changes were forged upon the nation. Primarily World War I created labor shortages, which led thousands of African Americans to migrate to the North and work on its steel mills, ammunition plants and stockyards (Tucker 250). This migration in turn provoked racial tensions and led to rioting in some cities, as was the case in Illinois, when race riots erupted in East Saint Louis (July 1917) and Chicago (July 1919). The labor shortages also profoundly altered the traditional roles of men and women, as men were called to the battlefields and women had to step up into traditionally male occupations in industries – women learned to become railroad workers, shipbuilders, among others. They thus achieved a certain degree of independence and self-reliance through the opportunities provided by the war, and ultimately mustered enough support for women suffrage with the 19th Amendment finally passed by Congress in 1919, granting women the right to vote (Venzon 118). On the political front, the war had greatly increased the responsibilities of the federal government, leading to the creation of new government agencies to persuade the public’s voluntary compliance in support of the U.  S. cause. New ways for revenue generation in order to finance the war were also in order, leading the federal government to increase income and excise taxes, the institution of a war-profit tax, and selling of war bonds (Venzon 128). With countries involved having to borrow heavily to pay for the war, either from their own citizens of foreign lenders, such deficit-financing led to high levels of inflation, which in turn impoverished many citizens earning fixed incomes. Such pressures wrought by the war evoked hostility and suspicion, particularly antagonism toward immigrants, especially those of German and Italian descent. Repressive laws were passed by Congress for fear of sabotage and retaliation, such as the Espionage Act of 1917, followed by the Sedition Act of 1918, resulting in thousands of arrests and convictions for antiwar activities (Venzon 1995). People on the left were hard pressed, following wartime concerns on dissent and hostility toward the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 in Russia. Fear of radicalism, horror at Soviet communism, and the impact of wartime hysteria led to a series of attacks on radicals, i. e. the Palmer Raids of January 1920 led to arrests of thousands in 33 cities. Though the postwar Red Scare eventually abated, suspicion of foreigners, dissenters, and nonconformists prevailed well into the 1920s (Venzon 1995). The spirit of vindictiveness among the Allies influenced the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, leaving Germany shackled by the armistice and angered by the peace treaty (Taylor 291). The deplorable conditions in postwar Germany would later give rise to a fascist leadership in the 1930s, which would ultimately plunge the world to another war of a greater scale. The American experience of the Great War, brief and distant from the nation’s shores as it might have been, proved the turning point for the United States to realize its might – it had effectively mobilized its industrial forces and held its own in world affairs. At the end of the war, the U. S. was recognized as a world power (Taylor 315). While Europe tried to rebuild from the ashes of war, the U. S. ained overseas territories, access to markets and raw materials to fuel its industries. On the domestic front, the economy expanded with improvements in assembly-line production. The gains from improved auto production spread beyond car factories into the steel, glass, rubber and petroleum industries (Taylor 326). The federal government funded programs to build roads and highways, with previously isolated rural areas filled with tourist cabins and gas stations, leading to a growth in the construction industry as new suburbs rose at the outskirts of cities, transforming the nation’s landscape. The 1920s became characterized by mass consumption, particularly in the leisure and culture industries, easy credit, and advertising (Venzon 135). Yet even as profits soared, American zeal for reform waned, and business and government resumed their long-term affinity, and not everyone benefitted from these gains of economic prosperity. The mixture of economic change, political conservatism, and cultural conflict made the 1920s a decade of contradictions.

Article Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Article Review - Research Paper Example The research question of this study is: What do current advances in genetic research say about the genetic causes of intellectual disability and autism, and what are some of the effective tools of diagnosing intellectual disability and autism? This paper reviews this article through describing its research design and findings, as well as identifying flaws and relevance of the study in society and understanding human development. This study did not explain its research design, and it does not specifically ascertain whether it is a systematic review or meta-analysis. After reading the article, it is inferred that it is a basic review of existing studies on the genome of autism and intellectual disabilities. The sampling of articles came from respected journals. It is possible that Feero et al. (2012) conducted the study using peer-reviewed journal databases and it reached its findings using relevant themes and recurring outcomes. The research findings of this article explained the pote ntial genetic causes of intellectual disability. The article explained copy-number changes, deletions, and duplications. A copy-number change refers to the deletion or duplication of an elongation of DNA as compared with the reference human genome. Feero et al. (2012) used research that stressed that some patients with syndromic kinds of intellectual disability showed deletions in the same chromosomal region, where normal cohorts would have a different number or set of chromosomes. These researchers stressed the identification of specific copy-number changes in affected patients, when compared with control subjects, where they showed that novel microdeletion and microduplication syndromes were connected with intellectual disability and autism. For three studies that this article used, they determined that heterozygous deletions of 17q21.31 were connected with moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, facial dysmorphic features, occasional cardiac and renal abnormalities , and seizures. These deletions were not present in healthy control subjects. This article also noted that deletions of 16p11.2 were present in around 1% of those with autism spectrum disorders, but these deletions were also related with intellectual disability with no autistic features. Feero et al. (2012) recommended physicians to conduct chromosome microarray analysis and not the usual standard karyotype analysis, when conducting early diagnostic workup of children with developmental delays and intellectual disability. Feero et al. (2012) also showed that there is a significant overlap among the copy-number changes that have been determined for intellectual disorders. Studies showed microdeletions of 15q13.3 that are related to intellectual disability, autism, and schizophrenia. Moreover, microdeletions of 1q21 are connected with autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy and, most frequently, with intellectual disability. This article also noted studies that analyzed genes on the X chr omosome, partially because X-linked forms of intellectual disability can be passed on through unaffected females in families, permitting pedigree analysis. Moreover, mutations in PTEN are linked with autism and macrocephaly in some patients and mutations in SHANK3 have also been determined. Feero et al. (2012) highlighted the importance of sequencing of the protein-coding parts

The technological and cultural changes between the relationship of Essay

The technological and cultural changes between the relationship of Telegraph and Facebook - Essay Example The advent of Facebook has made communication and meeting new people easy, businesses have grown and cultures have evolved due to this. Some primitive cultures have been eradicated. In the essay we shall be seeking to establish the evolution from Telegraph to Facebook and the technological and cultural changes they have brought by first understanding their innovations their uses and how the telegraph necessitated or facilitated the innovation of Facebook The history of the telegraph dates back to 1794 where Claude Chappe invented a non- electric telegraph. This kind of telegraph used a flag based alphabet, a semaphore and it was wholly dependent on a line of a sight communication. Later this kind of telegraph was replaced by an electric telegraph. In Bavaria, Samuel Soemmering used gold electrodes of wire under water and the message could be read by the amount of gas that was produced by the electrodes. In USA, Harrison Dyar invented the first telegraph in 1828. He used a paper tape that was chemically treated to burn the dashes and the dots (Jennifer, 1989). Joseph Henry demonstrated the power of the electromagnet, which was first discovered by a British William Sturgeon. He sent an electronic current for over a mile, which activated an electromagnet and in turn caused the bell to ring. Samuel F. B. Morse in 1830s started experimenting by sending communication through electromagnetic signals. In 1838, he successfully sent a message from Morristown to New Jersey. He was later granted funds by the congress to help him install a line of communication between Washington DC and Baltimore and he stuck wires between the two cities. The first message he sent from the Supreme Court Chambers to his assistant Alfred Vail in Baltimore was â€Å"What hath God wrought† (Marland, 1964) The telegraph from then became part of the communication and an accepted part of American life. People used to send and receive messages from far distances using the

Project Management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Management - Literature review Example Additionally, through sponsoring events and organizations, firms receive positive feedback from the recipient, and that will put the constructive effect on the general perception about the sponsor in the mass of the population. However, for this, sponsors need to show genuine long-term commitment with sponsored events or organizations (Rifon et al, 2004). It adds value to mention that even a sophisticatedly planned sponsorship campaign encompassing positive brand attributes and consumer-friendly attributes might not generate the required type of image in the minds of consumers (Han et al, 2013). In such sponsorship scenarios, the consumers do not consider such adoption of the method for promoting the brand value among the consumers (Simmons et al, 2006). As a result, it can be deduced that it is highly essential that congruence does not always bring corporate benefits for the

Election speach to student reptresentative Speech or Presentation

Election speach to student reptresentative - Speech or Presentation Example As this new approach to renovate the activities and achievements of the previous Council can be best demonstrated by first-year students, I'd request you to offer me the opportunity to represent Level 1 law students of our institution. As a candidate for this year's student representative election, I'd like to highlight my experience of working as the vice chairman of the Student representative council of my high school where I was also the football team captain for 5 years. I also take this opportunity to express my positive strategy to represent the common feeling of my friends to the management in a genuine manner. I'll try my best to communicate the student voice to the university management and work to achieve the student needs as a true representative of their feeling. I also promise never to be biased with a group of students against the others nor to be blind or deaf to the burning issues of my friends.

Business Strategies Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Strategies - Research Paper Example Organizational strategy therefore requires that all business units, support units and employees are aligned and linked with the business strategy. The most important management responsibility in this context is to design, create and implement organizational strategies which are best suited to the demands of the market, its customers and the business model. However, since the competitors in the market would also have access to the same or similar information and might develop the same strategies, it is crucial that it must consider its organizational design as its most important strategic weapon. Some of the factors to be kept in consideration are as follows (Heracleous, p.XIV). Firstly identifying the right organizational strategy suited for executing the business strategy of the firm is important. This must be followed by identifying its own operating capabilities and sources of competitive advantage. Organizations can only act according to its business strategies if management desi gns the right way for them to do so. The most important factor in this context is strategy and structure alignment in designing its capabilities in a completely informed and rational manner. Some of the problems that might arise in the process are the strategy changes that might have implications or poor alignment with the organizational design and structure; need for restructuring of organizational parts due to sudden changes in technologies and other competitive pressures; organizational growth demanding changes in organizational design and finally, poor execution and organizational effectiveness (Jensen, p.5). The first phase in this alignment is gathering and organizing of data which is then fed to the management in a way which supports validation and learning. The management reaches out on the many different key issues, causal factors and problems and organizational requirements. This is followed by the design process which includes scale and leverage assessment, designing vert ical alternatives and lateral structures etc. Since organizational structures work through trade-offs the various alternatives are evaluated through with regards to their fit with requirements, impact of implementation etc. Based on the evaluation the new organizational structure is created with clear roles and responsibilities; development of values and norms for the alignment of culture with strategy; designing rewards and metrics etc (Jensen, p.5). A theory of management has three main components, a set of assumptions regarding the attitudes and behaviors of humans, the managerial practices, policies and actions consistent with the assumptions, and expectations regarding the performance of employees if the policies are implemented. Research reveals that organizational structure affect the performance of a firm. There are evidences which show that a firm’s performance declines considerably when the strategies are not rightly matched with the appropriate structure and contro ls. The structure necessarily specifies the work which needs to be conducted and how to do it also. It influences the way managers perform their work activities and the decisions resulting from the same. Supporting the organizational structures, strategies are concerned with the processes used for conducting the task activities. Effective structures provide the stability and steadiness towards an organization’s needs and requirements to establish and implement its strategies. It also helps to maintain and its present

Using a practical study working with a variety of narratives, Essay

Using a practical study working with a variety of narratives, demonstrate how storytelling research can inform your understanding of managerial sense making and responsible management - Essay Example esorted to organisational storytelling as a tool to build and maintain corporate image and reputation, as a tool for change management and for communication with stakeholders. Storytelling organisations are defined by Boje as â€Å"collective storytelling systems in which storytelling expressive performance is key part of members’ past-present-future sensemaking† (2012, 254). In a sense, everyone is engaged in storytelling in one way or another. Stories may be real or fictitious and often have a plot, beginning, middle, ending and a moral lesson. Stories may be narrated by the person experiencing or witnessing an event or another person on his/her behalf hence it has narrators and audiences. In the case of the organisation, the story is about the organisation and its activities. Storytelling in organisations can be traced back to Aristotle poetics but in this case, the focus will be on David Boje’s quantum physics of storytelling and John Kotter’s change m odel. This essay will demonstrate how storytelling research can inform understanding of managerial sensemaking and responsible management using a practical study. The essay will be divided into three sections. The first section will discuss the theoretical concepts. This will entail discussing organisation storytelling and Boje’s main concepts (narrative, living stories, antenarratives).This will be followed by an explanation of what quantum physics of storytelling means for change management and finally, an explanation of Kotter’s 8-stage model of change to show how storytelling can help in managing change successfully. The second section will cover indepth analysis of theoretical concepts using a practical study with variety of narratives. Lastly, a brief summary will be given. Storytelling research shows that storytelling is increasingly becoming important in organisations. Postmodern organisations are experiencing interpenetration of post-industrialism with postmodern culture leading to a

Case Study on Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study on Financial Management - Essay Example The aim of diversification is to reduce the extreme ups and downs in returns and rather to create a consistent return under different economic and market conditions (McGowan, Collier and Young 1992). There are many different asset classes that are available to an investor when making an investment decision. Depending on the return the investor is looking at, the time horizons that the investor is expecting to reap the benefits in and also the level of risk the investor is willing to accept, he or she can invest in a varying combinations and thus achieve diversification of his or her portfolio. Some of the asset classes that are available to us today are money market funds, bonds funds and equity funds. Money market funds are short-term debt instruments that are very liquid and can be converted to cash easily. Treasury bills and commercial paper fall into this category. The risk of loss is lower and pay higher yields than deposit accounts. Bond funds on the other hand pay a regular income, have a longer maturity period and the actual income can fluctuate during economic upturns and downturns since it is for a longer period of time than the money market funds, however they are rel atively safer than equity funds. Equity funds yield much higher returns than both money market and bonds funds however they can be very volatile in the short term and cause havoc in a portfolio. Therefore it is advisable to invest in them for long-term gain rather than short term gain. Diversification can be further classified into geographic, industry and style diversification as well. By this it is meant that we can diversify our portfolios by equity, bonds and money market funds from different regions and countries - which is known as geographic diversification. Sector or industry diversification is investing in equity and bonds from different industries instead of sticking to one particular industry. Style diversification is investing in a portfolio that has instruments that have short term and long term yields or under valued and over valued stocks or all (Adair, Berry and McGreal 1994). The Addendum gives a detailed description of the different diversification strategies that can be used by an individual when combining two classes of assets and gives an indicative calculation of how risk and rewards are leveraged under each strategy by just changing the weight given to the different

No Day of Triumph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No Day of Triumph - Essay Example While being American brings about an idea of inclusion and equality, being black creates a sense of being an outsider and being separated from the mainstream. This dichotomy means that African Americans have to deal with the perception of others as well as a self-perception that could be colored by how others see them. In this respect, relationships become critical for the African Americans described in the stories since family, the idea of being connected to family values and the need to pass on the family heritage to the children is very important for the characters. While family supports and shapes the African American identity, in some ways it can also be a hindrance to the personal liberty and drive of an individual who seeks a different path. These act as the remnants of the slavery era in which freedom and being able to choose your destiny were not the options available to every African American. In fact, slavery also affects the viewpoints of white and Caucasian individuals described in the story since the idea of whites being the masters and blacks being slaves continues to reside in the cultural subconscious of the southern states where the story takes place. Perhaps the worse situation is experienced by the Mulatto who is neither black nor accepted by the whites as being a part of them. Even amongst African Americans, there is a level of awareness about being darker and thus more African than others and this difference is also reflected in the socioeconomic situation an African American can find himself in when the educated black person has to bear the burden of being better than others so that s/he can present a positive face for his/her race. These differences carry on with the love of religion which poor black people show in greater strength compared to those who are economically their betters. The

Pre-Modern Appalachian Essay Example for Free

Pre-Modern Appalachian Essay 1. How is Appalachia statistically different from the rest of America in terms of income, health, home-ownership and educational statistics? The Appalachian statistics includes the states of West Virginia, Virginia, Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Tennessee. In these states 13.3 million people are living in poverty according to U.S. Census Bureau. The number of people in the region who did not have health insurance last year fell to 13.6 million from 13.7 million from the year before, and median incomes were up in all Appalachian states, where the median income ranged from a little over 36,000 in Mississippi to 68,080 in Maryland. (Appalachia Statistics, 2008). Nationally, the homeowner and rental Vacancy rate in 2010 were 2.4% and 9.2%. During the decade, the homeowner vacancy rate is increased 0.7% points, while the rental vacancy rate increased 2.3% points. (U.S. Census Bureau). The 2006 Mayor’s conference found that 51% of people who became homeless the year before were single men, 30% , were single women, 17% were families with children, and 2% wee un-accompanied youth. As reported in the â€Å"State of the South 1998†, the increased number of single parent homes, decreasing educational participation by males, high dropout rate, low numbers of bachelor’s degrees, the aging population and the changing workplace needs while Kentucky has made progress in the elementary and secondary area. Also post- secondary education and adult education/ the state still lags behind with too many under-educated adults. (South, 1998). 2. What does World System Theory contribute to our understanding of Appalachian distinctiveness? Social cognitive career theory provides a theoretical understanding of how cultural differences, resources, and barriers affect the vocational choices and actions of individuals from minority populations. (Bennett). By changing circumstances and recognizing career choices, can be limited by access to opportunities, personal obligations, and social barriers. Also, people living with severe constraints, such as transportation, communication, due to lack of employment opportunities. ( World-Systems). Regions under-development was due to its isolation from the modern world. Cherokee culture reacted to and was changed by incorporation, followed by a discussion of the ways in which capitalist values came to change social relations between in habitants of the world. World System is seen as an invaluable interpretive tool for reformulating the historiography of this region. Identification Terms: 1. Appalachian stereotypes in film- Appalachia is portrayed as stupid, ignorant, inbred people in society and has been the butt of jokes in movies, TV shows, comic books, cartoons, books, television and radio. This is where negative stereotypes reinforce negative attitude of the Appalachia Mountains and the people. Best way to explain: Jed, on the Clampets, found oil on his land shooting at a possum and the rich west coast banker and out of state corporation, made him rich! Truth is, Jed didn’t get a dime, they flashed a mineral deed at him and had the sheriff come and lock him off his own land. His children did have to leave to find work that much is true. This is how the mass media and the public view us as if we are so ignorant that they can steal our land, blow up entire mountains and turn our creeks orange on every western on television. 2. Development- To develop opportunities in life, jobs, advancement, education for betterment. We, as a society, also develop relationships with our children, parents, friends on a daily basis. It addresses issues of concern to developing countries relating to social and economic development. Development can also refer to land use, science and technology, social science, international and regional, Business and professionally, music. In the Appalachian Mountains, development would refer to change in the environment, family life and jobs. 3. The Ozarks- Native American people first inhabited the Ozarks 12,000 years ago. The Spanish arrived in 1500s, native people- Osage, Missouri, Illinois, Caddo tribe. French pioneers became the first permanent settlers but Scott Irish settlers who migrated from Appalachia eventually dominated the Ozarks and created a Appalachian culture. The Ozarks are located in the southern portion of the United States and occupies territory in the states of Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri and Arkansa. 4. Bushwhacker- In Kentucky, we consider a bushwhacker as a person who lays in wait to rob or kill you or both. A person who is up to no good and is usually going to jail often is a bushwhacker for stealing cattle in every western I have ever seen. A guerrilla fighter named after William C. Quantrill of the Civil War. He led an attack on 150 people, who were shot, killed, or burned to death. His men were considered outlaws by Union forces, but they became an official Confederate troop in August of 1862. William Quantrill was considered the leader of what was to be called,,† Quantrill’s Bushwhackers†. 5. Scotch-Irish- They migrated from Appalachia eventually dominated the Ozarks and created an Appalachian culture. They were considered the primary heritage of people of Celtic culture Scotts, Scotts Irish. 6. Pre-modernity- Pre-modernity tended to see the events of life as being the result of the laws of nature, laws that could be understood by reason or rationality. In Appalachia, you can find people who tend to live according to many cultural values of the Celtics. Christians are more likely to be seen in and out of church and compartmentalize their lives. Living in clusters and developing their own communities where they live by whatever the laws of nature give them and be able to rationalize the reason. 7. Internalization- To incorporate the cultural values, motives of another or group as thru learning with socialization. In school, students have accepted multi- cultural education more when they think their peers accept inter-racial dating. Working or spending time with people from other races can lower one’s level of prejudice. Smith and Bylunds ,(1983) survey found that Appalachians are less likely to believe that racism is a large problem in the United States. Appalachian students may be less receptive to multicultural education. 8. Encyclopedia of Appalachian- Is the first encyclopedia dedicated to the region, people, culture, history, and geography of Appalachia. The encyclopedia has a collection of history, artifacts, and folklore and cultural and behavior patterns of the mountains. Included are history of the first settlers and ancestors and how they lived and raised their families. 9. Appalachian Museum/Norris Tennessee- The museum is located in the town of Norris in Anderson County. They offer viewing of a collection of historic buildings filled with artifacts and folk lore associated with Appalachian. It was established by John Rice Irwin on 65 acreas. The museum has been featured in national travel magazines, the Smithsonian magazine, and national and international newspapers. One of the most popular events, such as â€Å"Christmas in Old Appalachian, which attracts hundreds of Appalachian people who are musicians and craftspeople will introduce you to the cultures, beliefs, craft-making, making of foods and jelly. 10. Settlement patterns- Appalachia was slow to develop any substantial urban pattern. It shared with the rest of the south an emphasis on agriculture-that continued after other regions of the country had begun their rush toward manufacturing and urban living. People tended to stay where they were, and as time passed they became attached to the land, family and community. Film: A hidden America-Children of the Mountains, a documentary on 20/20/ABC News. Feb. 10, 2009. For two years, Diana Sawyer followed four Appalachian children who sleep in vehicles, avoid thievery, alcoholism and despair of their family and conditions surrounding the family. What they did not emphasize was that one boy was determined to better himself and he got a scholarship from football to attend college. Or the mother who walked 16 miles roundtrip, four hours total to get her GED. Which she did!!!!!! Or men who work 9 to 12 hours, 6 days a week underground despite the safety concern since it is the best paying job in the region. Also there are teachers, social workers, doctors and dentists reaching out and helping a population isolated by steep hills and lack of transport. They even showed a dentist who had converted a bus and traveled into the mountains to pull teeth, educate people on the importance of dental care. But what was discussed was the reason so many teeth had to be pulled out was that they drank too much mountain dew. This was stereotyping at its finest!!!!Most people I have ever known that was so poor that they couldn’t travel to the dentist, certainly didn’t have money to buy soda for themselves and their kids. It was usually† soupbeans and taters†!

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay The field of psychology has vast areas of interest, and Human growth and development is one of the most popular topics being studied by social workers today. The purpose of this report is to show how essential it is for a trainee social worker to attain a firm understanding of human growth and development, and to ultimately achieve a foundation of knowledge in this area. This report will show that, with practice, preparation, assessment, reflection and finally application, this foundation of knowledge can be effectively used in positive intervention methods. (Crawford 2006) There have been many great theorists over the years, all of who had different ideas on human growth and development. This report will highlight and discuss 3 theories based on the work of Erikson, Bowlby and Bronfenbrenner. Furthermore, the report will also throw light on the pros and cons of these theories, identifying and discussing potential issues that may arise from failure to mature, as described in each theory. Finally, the report will identify the role of social workers in relation to their intervention with a client or family. The outcome of this report will be a sum-up of the key identifying points of each of the 3 theories. Using practical examples, the report will explore the effects of the theories and outcomes that may arise from failure to mature. The practical examples used will aid, guide and shape the discussion by highlighting the life span of the individual problems or issues, and will provide an underpinning reason for using each of the theories. Each theory chosen in this report is taken from a different discipline of social science; psychodynamic, sociological and psychosocial. These three disciplines all have a different emphasis, but structured in all of them is the core principle of determining what can potentially influence life course development. The first theory outlined in this report is Bowlbys attachment theory. This theory fundamentally sees the earliest bonds formed between children and their caregivers as a key factor in human growth and development, having an immense impact on progression and continuing throughout life. This theory will be examined, using social work examples with infants. There will be an explanation of how the theory is vastly important for attaining a firm understanding of the foundational relationships infants build for a healthy development. The second theory discussed in this report is Bronfenbrenners theory of ecological development. Bronfenbrenners theory describes the influences of further environmental factors on children, and their positive or negative development. For this theory, social work examples will be chosen from older adults in order to help attain an understanding of how environmental factors, at micro and macro levels, can influence social workers in relation to the stages of development. The final theory discussed in this report is Erik Eriksons model of life stage development. This theory addresses identity as an individual moves through the stages of life, and how they negotiate crisis points in a successful or unsuccessful progression, this effecting healthy development. For this theory, examples of middle-later stages of life will be discussed, and how progression through the life stages can successfully or unsuccessfully result in a healthy or unhealthy development of the individual. So, what can human growth and development be determined as? Before we discuss in depth the main theories, it would be appropriate to give a definition of human growth and development, and highlight why it is so fundamentally important for social workers to have a firm understanding of the various theories. According to Baltes cited in Crawford (date), human development is multi-dimensional; it is made up of biological, cognitive and social dimensions. Physically, from the moment we are conceived till the moment we die, we are developing biologically. Our bodies are consistently moving from one biological change to another. Subsequently, the growth of our intellectual and social development comes. This begins from very early stages in the course of life and continues across the span of each life. (Thompson) Both Freud and Erikson agree that every individual is born with a number of basic instincts, that development occurs through stages, and that the order of these stages is influenced by biological and sociological maturation (Sigelman, and Shaffer 1992). The Requirements for Social Work Training state that all social work programmes must: Ensure that the teaching of theoretical knowledge, skills and values is based on their application to practice. (Department of Health 2002) Theorists, such as Bowlby, Bronbenfrener and Erikson, have different perspectives on life span development stages and the individuals evolved behaviour as a consequence or a response to developmental milestones crises. These theories are rooted in the disciplines of sociology, biology and psychology. Each theory provides an explanation, in line with development, for arising issues and problems that individuals face and are all relevant to an understanding of the life course development. (Thompson) Social work practitioners need to have a wide range of knowledge from a span of theoretical disciplines to ensure that all aspects of an individuals make-up are considered and appreciated when working with them. (Crawford and walker) Using theory can give an explanation as to why an action resulted in a particular consequence. This can help us review and possibly change our practice in an attempt to make the consequences more effective. (Beckett) Developmental theory provides a framework for ordering the lifecycle and accounts. For factors that may shape development at specific stages. It discusses the multiple. Bio-psycho-social factors impacting development, explores the tasks to be accomplished. At each stage and considers successes and failures in light of other stages. Developmental theories also aim to recognise individual differences in development. Journal The course of life is different for each individual, and is influenced by the events and experiences that people go through throughout their lives. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) Understanding the impact of transitions within a persons course of life is important for social work practice, as it aids the social worker in attaining a firm understanding of other peoples lives, so they can effectively intervene with appropriate measures. Using theory can help justify actions and explain practice to service users, carers and society in general. The aim is for this to lead to social work becoming more widely accountable and ultimately more respected. (Beckett ) The use of theories in social work practice underpins how social workers approach their tasks. As social workers, we need to recognise the opportunities to work with people through transitions as an opportunity to grow. We need to try to enable people to use these events to trigger change, move on and develop. (Crawford) When a social worker works with an individual, utilising theories which may relate to a specific situation, will give us more direction in our work. It is clear then that theory is important in practice both for work with service users and for social work to be more valued in society. (Beckett) After the definition of human growth and development and the brief discussion of why a theory is important in social work practice, this report will now discuss the attachment theory and will explain why it can be positively used in approach and effectively in practice.4 So, what is the attachment theory? To start with, lets define the word attachment; it means a strong emotional bond between two people. Forming an attachment is based on a two-way interaction. The behaviours from an infant, such as crying, reaching, grasping and making eye contact, and the response of the caregiver both work as a reciprocal process to develop and strengthen attachment. (Woods) According to (Crawford), children use the people they are attached to as a safe base to explore, a source of comfort and a source of encouragement and guidance. According to (Fahlberg, 1991, cited in Howe), attachment aids children in attaining their full intellectual potential, sorts out what children perceives, assists them in logical thinking, helps them develop a conscience, teaches them to become more self-reliant, aids them in coping with stress and frustration, helps them handle fear and worry, assists them in developing future relationships and helps reduce jealousy.                  In 1953, a psychoanalyst named John Bowlby wrote the book Child Care and the Growth of Love. In this book, Bowlby put forward his theory that the relationship between a mother and her child, during the childs first year, is of vital importance and can greatly affect the development of the child in later life. This theory is known as the attachment theory, and it is still being used and discussed today, although it has been altered and adapted to suit the modern day economic environment and the change in the family unit over the past 50+ years. (Jeremy Holmes, 1993) Bowlby believes that attachment begins at infancy and develops throughout an individuals life, and that there are many distinctive behavioural control systems needed for continued existence and proliferation. The attachment and exploration systems are the main central points in Bowlbys attachment theory. (Elliot Reis, 2003) (Crawford) Bowlbys Maternal deprivation Hypostasis, the forerunner of the attachment theory, believes that if an infant was unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his or her mother or permanent mother substitute, then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people, and would be at the risk of behavioural disorders. Bowlby says: Mothers love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health. (Cardwell) (Bowlby 1988) goes on to say that without a secure base of first attachment relationships, children will not be able to cope with separations of normal life. For Bowlby, the impact of prolonged separation on children is viewed as maternal deprivation. Bowlby describes this as being the temporary or permanent loss to children of their mothers care and attention. Bowlby believes that prolonged separation of children from their mothers, especially during the first five years of their lives, is a major cause of delinquent behaviours and mental health issues. (Crawford) Mary Ainsworth developed a method, whereby a childs behaviour is observed when reunited with his or her mother after a short separation.   This is known as the strange situation, and it has become widely used to determine whether the attachment was secure or insecure. Ainsworths strange situation is used to measure Bowlbys hypotheses that early relationship experiences affect later adult functioning. The strange situation procedure consists of eight three-minute episodes that have been arranged so as to create increasing levels of stress for a child that will activate attachment behaviours that researchers can then observe. The resulting behaviour was used to classify the child into one of three categories. These categories are insecure avoidant attachment, secure attachment and insecure resistant attachment. Securely attached children were able to balance their need to explore the environment with their need for comfort and support from their caregiver in relation to their feelings of stress.   Insecure avoidant attached children, when stressed, continued to explore the environment, showing minimal need for comfort and support.   The children who were classified as having insecure resistant attachments stop their exploration and return to their care giver show the maximum amount of attachment behaviours. Main (1991) has since identified a fourth category that of the disorganised/ disorientated child. (Cardwell) According to Bowlby a central tenet of attachment is that: People developmental representations, Or internal working models, that Consist of expectations about the self, significant Others and the relationship between the two. (Bowlby, 1969, 1973) The main criticism of Bowlbys attachment theory came from J.R. Harris. It is often assumed that hard working, kind, honest and well-respected parents will have children who will turn out to be like them. On the other hand, in the case of parents who are bad role models, rude, and disrespectful, the children will end up the same when they become adults. According to Harris, this may be far from the truth. Harris (2008), believes that a parent does not determine a childs personality or character, and that a childs external social factors have more influence than anything else. A good example of this taken from Harris is a child from an immigrant family. Although the parents may well pick up a new language, they will still have an accent from their native language. The child, on the other hand, will learn the new language, and will speak it without an accent. Children are more influenced by their peers than their parents. (Harris, 1998). Criticisms were also levelled at Bowlbys theories because of his ideas that he concluded from work he had undertaken with juvenile delinquents who had been separated early in their lives from their mothers. The criticism is that the theories are unrepresentative of the general population, and involved too small a sample. It was also argued that not all maternally deprived children became juvenile delinquents. But in agreement with Bowlby, Stroufe (1979) stated: We cannot assume that early experiences will somehow be cancelled out by later experiences. Lasting consequences of early inadequate experiences may be subtle and complex. (Cardwell) Research has shown that, contrary to Bowlbys idea of monotropy (one primary caregiver), children can form more than one significant attachment, and these need not be towards the biological parents, and can be of either sex, although there is often a definite hierarchy. An infants attachment to his or her father is as strong as the mothers in the first few days of life. Then the attachment changes because of the different amount of time available for the parents to interact with the infant, given the work commitments. Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures for their infants, but the circumstances that lead to selecting the mother or the father may differ. For example, the father is usually selected for playing. (Schaffer Emerson 1964) According to Parke (1981), Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures, the father is not just a poor substitute for the mother. (Cardwell) When looking at how attachment theory is applied to social work practice, Coulshed (1988) proposed that psychology has been useful in the degree to which you can apply some of the theories, if you are prepared to see theoretical contributions as ways of enriching your thinking and understanding. You will gain a broad framework of information through which you will recognise the complexities and possible causes of human suffering. The attachment theory provides a valuable model in understanding relationships of families in need and promoting new and healthy attachments (Daniel et al 1999).   The attachment theory has had an impact on many areas relating to how children are cared for, including the legal framework it operates under and how services for children have developed. Some of the areas, where clear links can be made to practice being underpinned by the attachment theory has effected changes, are; When negotiating contact between children and their families it is undertaken from a child centre perspective rather from the adults involved. This may include having closer links with grandparents, relatives and any other persons who the child considers significantly important to them. (Howe) Attachment theories underpin the policies that are relevant to the development of children in public care, and form the basis for assessing their needs, such as pre-placement and post-placement support systems. The effects of separation and loss that children have experienced can be taken into account when assessing their needs. (Oloughlin) Social Work as a profession can promote the needs of children through influencing policy and practice e.g. acknowledgement that delays in placing children may be detrimental to their wellbeing should ensure that the adoption and fostering processes can be as speedy and efficient as possible. Likewise, it is clear from research that children are adversely affected by the loss of familiar peers. Children who maintain friendships over time are seen to have greater social skills and better social adjustment. This should also be promoted. (Aldegate et al) The attachment theory has allowed optimism to develop towards caring for children, as a less distorted and confused picture of child development has emerged. It is now apparent that a healthy development can occur in many different family environments. There are many right ways of meeting childrens needs. (OLoughlin) The second theory discussed in this report is derived from the discipline of sociology. Sociological theoretical perspectives explain human development by examining the interactions between people and the society in which they live. Sociologist theorists research this by looking at influencing factors at different levels of society. (Crawford) Unlike other disciplines of human development theories in which service users problems are conceptualized on individual terms, sociological perspectives on human development seek to gain a full understanding by locating the persons problems within his or her experiences in a broader picture of social and historical circumstances. In other words, rather than directly focusing on the problem and the persons inability to cope, the problem would be assessed in terms of the impact of the economic and political conditions of the day. (Cunningham and Cunningham). One theorist whose theory has being particularly influential in the study of human development is Uri Bronfenbrenner 1917 2005. Bronfenbrenner developed a theory to explain how everything in a child and the childs environment affects how a child grows and develops. His theory is known as the ecological systems theory, and it approaches a childs development by looking at different levels of interaction, from family, local communities and schools to economic and political conditions that are all influential to the development of the individual in his or her course of life. He uses the terms Microsystems, exosystem and macrosystem. He suggests that there is a reciprocal process of interaction, in that the child is both influenced by and influences his or her environment at each of the levels. (Crawford) The ecological environment is thought of as: Nested structures encircled within and inside the other like a set of Russian dolls. Starting with the most inside to the outside, these networks are described as micro systems, meso systems and macro systems (Brunfenbrenner, 1994). The work of Bronfenbrenner has been particularly influential in social work practice and is the model that underpins the framework for the assessment of children in need and their families (department of health, 2000 cited in Crawford). The theory also encourages social workers to grasp the concept and understanding of the sociological imagination, and develop this in relation to service users own lives and practice. As social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments (NOSS), this approach, therefore, helps social workers to locate service users within an understanding of the bigger picture that underlies their lives. (NOSS) Applying an ecological approach can be best understood as looking at  persons, families, cultures, communities and policies, and identifying and intervening upon strengths and weaknesses in the transactional processes between these systems. A practical example of this in practice would be the use of the ecological perspective when carrying out assessment and for planning intervention for older adults in the community. Although it is theoretical, it is very practical, as it provides a kind of a map to guide us through very confusing terrain Stevenson 1998 cited in aldegate) The population of the UK is ageing. Over the last 25 years, the percentage of the population aged 65 and over increased from 15 per cent in 1984 to 16 per cent in 2009, an increase of 1.7 million people. (Gov statistics) Elderly individuals are vulnerable and in need of social services because they often live alone, and can be subject to numerous health difficulties, such as difficulties in functional ability. As senior adults experience an increased need for care, it is predicted that, in many cases, family caregivers will begin to have a higher level of physical, emotional and financial burden. All of these issues combined warrant an increase in research related to meeting the needs of the elderly and their families living in our communities (Crawford). EST is an ideal approach for assessing the needs of elderly adults living in communities. Given the rapidly increasing numbers of baby boomers reaching retirement age and beginning to require extended support, it is important for communities and families to address the best fit for the senior adult later in life. EST addresses the micro, meso and macro systems that are an extension of the individual, and works to obtain resources in order to improve support and expand networks necessary to maintain good quality of life for senior adults. (Journal) The ecological perspective analyzes how well the individual or family fits with their environment, and is based on the assumption that when a person or group is connected and engaged within a supportive environment, functioning improves. In order to determine the best fit, usually for an individual, there is an examination of the difference between the amount of social support needed by the person and the amount of social support available in the existing environment. Once this assessment has taken place, the social worker engages with the individual and works together with him or her to offer the support needed. One unique feature of the ecological model is its distinguished concept of human development within an environmental perspective. (Bekett) Social work practice has an overarching meta-paradigm that emphasizes the person in the environment. This meta-paradigm is linked with an ecological systems perspective as a focus of attention. EST is compatible with this belief system and helps support a theoretical approach for practice at the micro, meso and macro levels with individuals, families and communities. Social workers need to be aware of how the changing needs of families will affect psychosocial and emotional factors for the elderly individuals and their family caregivers. Examples of such issues include geographical location of family members when the senior adult is in need of care, role reversal when there is a shift in the family system and a parent becomes more dependent upon an adult child, and the anticipated grief and bereavement as spouses and adult children care for elderly family members over an extended period of time. The final theory of discussion is Erick Eriksons eight stages of man. Eriksons theory is an extension and modification to Freuds psychoanalytical theory on explaining the development of the personality through childhood stages of psychosexual development. Erikson, however, provides a more comprehensive framework for human lifespan through a series of genetically influenced sequence of psychosocial stages. The term psychosocial describes an approach that considers the impact of both the individual psychology and the social context of peoples lives on their individual development.(Crawford) Each stage involves a battle between contradictory resultant personalities, and each stage has either adaptive or maladaptive qualities. To develop into a healthy, mature adult, the adaptive must outweigh the maladaptive. (Richard Gross, 2005). In other words, he suggests that people confront a series of developmental challenges or conflicts, each occurring at particular and predictable times or sta ges in their lives. One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing owing to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity (Quote), Erikson believes that a sense of competence also motivates behaviours and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes refers to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. (Quote) In each stage, Erikson believes people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are centred on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. Eriksons eight life stages: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basic trust versus mistrust 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Self-control versus shame and doubt 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiative versus guilt 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competence versus inferiority 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identity versus role confusion 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intimacy versus isolation 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generativity versus stagnation 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ego-integrity versus despair Erikson suggests that whereas the outcome of moving through a life stage is unfavourable, the individual will find it more challenging to meet the trials of the next stage. Erikson further suggests that if individuals fail to develop through a stage, they may return to unsettled earlier points in their lives. (Crawford) Stage five is commonly associated with adolescence Erickson 1995 recognised this as the critical crisis of adolescence in the eight stages of development identity versus role confusion. He believes that a successful transition through childhood would lead to a progressive success to resolve this stage (Crawford). Erikson considers the fifth stage, that of adolescence, in the developmental process to be of particular importance.   He considers that by the end of this period of psychosocial moratorium, adolescents should have achieved ego identity,   that is the integration of their own self perceptions into their core identity which is both psychological and social. But he notes that some young people experience difficulty or find it impossible to commit themselves to adult roles, thus characterizing this as a period of identity crisis. When adolescents fail to achieve ego identity, it is considered to be identity role diffusion.   Applying Eriksons model to social work can help identify with individuals whether or not they have progressed successfully at previous life stages. It can also help individuals clarify and address their strengths, expectations and limitations, a duty expected of the social worker according to NOSS Key role 1(Crawford). The psychosocial perspective enables social workers to consider the influences of the relationship between the internal world of the service users and the social environment in which they live. (Howe 1987 cited in Crawford) However, Eriksons stages are criticised alongside other psychosocial stage approaches to human development because they do not incorporate difference and diversity. They are culturally specific and differences between sexuality and gender are not easily explained, because the theory was developed from a male perspective. Crawford Being too fixed and deterministic in real life, it is not possible to divide ones life into neat stages. The theory also does not consider the significance of social change in different societies and across different cultures. The model suggests there are universal experiences that all people encounter. Anthony Giddens 1991 cited in Crawford argues that modern society is continually changing, and that people pursue many different paths through their lives. Erikson describes the concept of a life cycle as implying some kind of self completion (Erikson, 1982 p. 9 cited in Crawford). This use of the word cycle can be criticised for implying a circular process whereby, in the later years of life, there is a return to the dependency of childhood. (Crawford) In conclusion this assignment has looked at Social workers need to develop an understanding of theories from a range of disciplines in order to take a holistic approach to their practice. (Crawford) Whilst it is important for social workers to have knowledge of these theories, none of the theories can be easily applied to explain a persons course of life. One theory may be relevant to a particular person at a particular moment in time. For example, one theory may be useful for child development, but not so useful in explaining the challenges of life events that influence growth and development in later life. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) All people are individuals and deserve the right to be treated as such. To do anything less would be seen as an act of oppressive practice. Social workers need to draw on many different resources and theories available to them in order to truly meet service users needs. (Beckett 2007)

Csr Initiatives Taken By Bayer Material Science Management Essay

Csr Initiatives Taken By Bayer Material Science Management Essay 1. Introduction This is the report which contains about the assessment and looks at the Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives taken by Bayer Material Science (BMS). 1.1 Introduction to the Case Study This case study is based in the chemical industry and presents the decision of Germanys Bayer Material Science (BMS) to choose appropriate measures of corporate social responsibility initiatives taken by the organization and to promote the process of setting up and running a plant in China. The story is centered on Dr Dirk van Meirvenne, who managed the plant in Map Ta Phut, Thailand, at the time of the case. About BMS Bayer AG is the management holding company of the Bayer Group, which was founded in 1863.Today Bayer is a research based global enter-praise with core competences in the fields of health care, nutrition and innovative high -tech materials. It is represented around the world by 350 companies, which market approximately 5,000 products Bayers global headquarters in Leverkusen, Germany, his business is structured into three sub groups. Bayers Health Care AG Bayers Crop Science AG Bayers Material Science AG These are supported by central service functions which are combined into the three service companies. 2. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate social responsibility is related to, but not identical with, business ethics. It is concerned with the ways in which an organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance. This includes considerations as to how the conflicting demands of different stakeholders can be reconciled. Since the legal and regulatory frameworks pay uneven attention to the rights of different stakeholders it is useful to distinguish between contractual stakeholders such as customers, suppliers or employees who have a legal relationship with an organization and community stakeholders such as local communities, consumers (in general) and pressure groups who do not have the protection of the law to the same extent as the first group. Therefore the corporate social responsibility policies of companies will be particularly important to these community stakeholders. 2.1. CSR in BMS Corporate social responsibility (CSR) analyzed economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time with focusing under four stances Leissez faire, enlightened self interest, forum for stake holder interaction and shaper of society those typically involve in terms of the ways organization practices. The Laissez Faire View It represents an extreme stance where Bayer takes the view that the responsibility of business is the short term interest of shareholders and to make a profit, pay taxes and provide jobs. It is for government to prescribe throw legislation and regulation. They have shown their commitment to CSR in their objectives. They have long track records of welfare engagement. Most activities are organized at the local level by Bayer foreign subsidiaries and maintain public private partnerships which are corporative projects with local and government organization. They are ensuring their acceptances into the portfolio of investment and pension funds that are oriented around ethical principle and sustainability criteria. They also aimed at making an attracting employer for high skilled personnel. They are technical and economic expertise is closely link to a responsibility to work for the benefit of mankind and contribute to sustainable. They are well aware of the value of their 120,000 employee in achieving and sustaining the high standard. They are contracting their employees by recognizing in each country where they operate. These needs may vary along with customs and national culture from country to country. Before they decided to invest in Thailand they recruited educated employees by sending to Europe for one year. This shows they have always been forecast on the development of the CSR to make short term interest of shareholders. Enlightened Self-Interest Is has tempered with recognition of the long term financial benefit to the shareholder of well-managed relationships with other stakeholders. The justification for social action is that it makes good business sense. An organizations reputation is important to its long term financial success and there is a business case to be made for a more proactive stance on social issues in order to recruit and retain for staff, for example. So corporate philanthropy or welfare investment or promotion expenditure. The sponsorship of major sporting or arts events by companies is an example. When employees view their organizations commitment to socially responsible behavior more favorably, they also tend to have more positive attitudes in other areas that correlate with better performance. Bayer group have promoted activities include health education programme and initiatives to improve child care project to combat child labour, education and vocational tanning. The promotion of culture and sports or projects to encourage cultural diversity form these shareholders believe their organizations recognize and reward great customer service, act quickly to address and resolve customer concerns, and are led by people in senior management who act in the best interest of customers. So we can add corporate social responsibility, the CSR factor  to the top drivers of workplace engagement. Its also a factor in attracting and retaining talent. And the more senior management is seen to be out front on the issue, the more employees like it. Forum of Stakeholders Interaction It defines multiple stakeholders interests and expectations. Bayer focuses on the right societal megatrends: a responsible approach to drinking water, childrens health, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly production and innovation are viewed as crucial issues, as are climate change and climate protection, sustainable health care and safety at the workplace. The transparent implementation of these issues is detailed particularly clearly in the focus issue sections but is also demonstrated in the Performance Report. Granted funds to support the organizing, a soccer tournament and supported a School tournament for students from schools. Bayer Corporation believes that adhering to this ideology and continuously making improvements to their Work Life programs and benefits are what has made us one of the worlds top inventor companies. Shapers of Society It focuses of financial considerations as of secondary importance or a constraint, in this sense it seeking to change society and social norms.Bayer intends to contribute to a stable business environment, safeguarding the legitimacy and justification for the companys operations while same time strengthening the confidence of board cross section of society in the companys social responsibility, here by highlighted the three main areas: Bayers have legal obligations under statute and under tort to respect and protect the environment and human rights. Bayer has long track of welfare involvements nongovernmental organizations NGOs to set up local or governmental initiatives to solve a wide variety of social problems. Partners with United Nations Environment Programme; supports and organizes a no. of projects, which aim to reinforce environmental awareness and advance knowledge about the environment awareness. Bayers believe in modern innovative technology transfer, creation of welfare and responsible development in their work. Corporate boards should be permitted / forced to consider non-financial matters under securities and corporate law to insure that the business is not put at risk. Bayers CSR commitment covers wide range of activities which, supported by monetary and material donations or company foundation. Promoted activities include ; health educations programmes and initiative to improve child care projects to combat child labor, education and vocational training, environmental protection, promotion of culture and sports or projects to encourage culture and sports or projects to encourage cultural diversity and combat of discrimination. Responsibility care code of management practices, BMS Thailand; Bayers invest on pension funds that are oriented around ethical principles and sustainability criteria. Bayers work hard to educate consumers and other actors in society to drive fair trade and sustainable models of production Donating books and magazines to municipality school libraries, by educating pupils and also providing health care services. 3. Conclusion Corporate social responsibility of BMS shows that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. Organization adopting a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. Even though they have being proactive on environmental issues they are some issue on their environmental harm because of chemical exposed. To provide Support in the form of green initiatives is obtainable for improving processes, it would be helped them to improved public image, stake holders relationship and reputation. In addition, And all Bayer industries would be pressured to follow Bayers lead, resulting in an improvement of air quality (defend on air pollution) that would benefit residents, workers, and local government agencies and industries that depend on an influx of residents and tourists.   Recommendations Industrial environmental protection and corporate social responsibility have always been inseparably linked at Bayer, for further reference refer to Appendix 1. Developing enlightened self interest Go out of the way to practice showing positive feelings towards others- gratitude, respect, trust which in turn will arouse goodwill from them. Choose some new activities in various life areas work, family, leisure that will bring goodwill and motivate the employees. At the same time, act assertively. In other words, until enlightened self-interest becomes part of you, consciously seek to get you get more of what you want, while respecting the views and feelings of the other people involved. For further, Making available Support in the form of green proposal is recommendable for improving processes, it would be helped them to gain better public image, stake holders relationship and reputation by invest considerable time, effort, and capital in green technology becoming much greener company. Come up with additional funding for Health and Safety of the employees and residents against possible injury, illness, and death. Should absolve Bayer by proving that actual air fabrication where were much operation occurrence and reflecting at the side of air pollution, heat and power without funding to allow the EPA to test air emissions at the site and without efforts by the stakeholders to persuade Bayer to reduce the amount of waste produced at the site In order to invest in China they should focus those drawbacks and critical situations to be avoided inconveniences and to be successful and pave in China. References (2008). Coperate Social Responsibility. In K. S. Gerry Johnson, 8th Edition, Exploring Coperarte Strategy (pp. 145 148). England: Bristish Library Catalogue-In-Publication Data. (2008). Bayer MaterialScience: Resposnsible Operations in Thailand and China. In K. S. Gerry Johnson, 8th Edition, Exploring Coperarte Strategy (pp. 677 684). England: Bristish Library Catalogue-In-Publication Data. Bayer Material Science , Bayer Material Science [online] Available at: http://www.bayermaterialscience.com/internet/global_portal_cms.nsf/id/home_en [Accessed 11 January2011] Bayer Bids to Be No. 1 in Polycarbonate, Plastics Technology, February 2000, p. 69. Bayer, CuraGen Alliance, Chemical Market Reporter, February 26, 2001, p. 7. Bayer Playing Catch-Up, Med Ad News, March 2001. Bayer Prepares Bulk Chemicals Restructuring, Chemical Market Reporter, March 24, 1997, p. 8. Brierley, David, Bayer Finds Breaking Up Is Hard to Do, European, August 7, 1997, p. 24. Hume Claudia, Bayer Rejects Call for Split, Chemical Week, March 21, 2001, p. 7. Rosendahl, Iris, Out Miles, in Bayer, Drug Topics, February 6, 1995, p. 54.

Evolution of the Automobile Industry and Henry Ford Essay -- Essays Pa

Evolution of the Automobile Industry and Henry Ford Henry Ford, "the high priest of efficiency," was the tinkerer-craftsman who produced one of many horseless carriages, the automobile. Nearly three years after his only son was born in 1893, Ford succeeded in producing his first car. After months of vigorous work and two final sleepless nights, the Quadricycle tolled out of Ford's garage. The Quadricycle was a primitive machine, with a tiller for a steering wheel, bicycle tires, a bicycle seat and a bicycle chain to transfer the power of the engine to the wheels. Engine-manufacturing plants did not exist, so Ford's car was constructed entirely by hand, with common parts recycled into new uses. A house doorbell was the horn. The two cylinders were made from scrap pipe rescued from an old steam engine, honed and then cut in half (Taub 17-18). An attempt to create one of the first automobiles was Charles King. However, his car weighed three times the amount of Ford's attempt at 500 pounds. While King's car could only make five miles per hour, the speed of a brisk walk, Ford's automobile reached up to 20 miles per hour. Since Ford lacked factory experience, the company folded before a single car could be produced and sold. A convincing win in a 1901 automobile race attracted a new group of supporters for Henry Ford's industry. "With fifty-thousand dollars in capitalization, these supporters set up the Henry Ford Company. But Ford could not set his mind to designing and building the low-cost cars in which he claimed he was interested (Taub 18)." By 1903, Ford designed another car, the Model A. This came with a two-cylinderengine developing eight horse power, capable speeds up to thirty miles per hour. H... ...ster. Henry Ford's invention of the automobile led to many opportunities that people had never before dreamed of. This new invention is one of the main factors that has built our nation to where it is today. Through all of the different models of the automobile, we have evolved to where we are today. Works Cited - Barker, Ronald. Automobile Design: Twelve Great Designers and Their Work. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1992. - Clymer, Floyd. Henry's Wonderful Model T 1908-1927. New York: Bonanza Books, 1955. - Meyer, Stephen III. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company 1908-1921. Albany: State of University of New York Press, 1981. - Taub, Eric. Tavrus: The Making of the Car That Saved Ford. New York: Dulton Book, Penguin Group, 1991.

Investigate the Water Potential of Potato Cells Essay -- GCSE Biology

Investigate the Water Potential of Potato Cells Introduction In my investigation, I hope to determine the water potential of potato cells. The plant material I will use in my investigation will be potato chips, which I will cut myself prior to the investigation. I hope to find the concentration of a solution where the chip stays the same mass and length, which will tell me that the water potential inside the cells is the same as the water potential outside the cells. Background Osmosis is defined as the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane. Semi - permeable membranes are permeable to water but impermeable to certain dissolved substances. In the case of this experiment, the sucrose molecules cannot diffuse through the cell membrane because the sucrose molecules are much bigger than water molecules. The water potential of a solution is a measure how dilute the solution is, and therefore of how readily water will diffuse from this solution, through a semi-permeable membrane, into another solution. Pure distilled water has a water potential of zero: the water potential becomes more negative as more substances are dissolved in it. When two solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, water moves from the side with high water potential to the side with low water potential: If we dissolve substances in water we lower the water potential of the solution:- High water potential Some water potential Low Water Potential Chip grows Chip stays the same Chip shrinks Key Variables o Mass of the chip - I think that the larger the mass of the chip then the bigger the difference in results will be, therefore I think that to make experiment more easy it would be best to u... ...ive balance to measure the mass, and I could have used a burette or pipette for volumes of liquids. I also could have used a sharper knife to cut the lengths of the chips. All of these things would have made my experiment more accurate. I also could have done a few more averages and repeats, to decrease the margin of error in my experiment, making my results more reliable. For further work, I would like to see if in my experiment I could actually get the result in my experiment where chip does not change at all, by putting it in the correct Molarity of sucrose solution. I would do this by putting it in different concentrations, ranging from 0.1M to 0.4M, and see what happened. I would also like to do the original experiment again, but using the improvements I listed above, and see how much of a difference there was in the results with the improvements.

Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries :: essays research papers

Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries Over the past decade, there has been rapid long-term economic growth for East Asian countries. These newly industrialising countries are experiencing growth rates in GDP per head at around 6% to 7% compared to the 2% to 3% for most industrial economies. If this growth continues, South Korea and Taiwan might take away America's distinction as the world's richest country. This rapid economic growth is a result of several economic and political factors. The pace of economic development, growth in world trade and communications, and the investment in physical capital and education have all played a role in the sudden rise of the East Asian economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of South Korea and Taiwan is the pace of economic development. The pace has accelerated over time. As time progresses, countries seem to be able to grow at a much more rapid rate. From 1780, it took Great Britain 58 years to double its real income per head. It took America 47 years to double in the 1800's while Japan took 34 years from the late 19th century. Finally, South Korea was able to double its real income per head in an amazing 11 years from 1966. It would seem that the later a country has industrialised, the faster it has been able to do so. Another important factor is the degree to which a country is behind the industrial leaders. In the case of the East Asian countries, South Korea and Taiwan, both started out with an extremely low income per head. This allowed much faster growth when copying the leaders. It is important to realize that these growth rates should slow as the countries catch up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An area in which East Asia is investing much of its GDP is in physical capital and education. Compared to the industrial leaders, the East Asian countries have sustained a much higher investment in these areas. South Korea invests 35% of its GDP which is more than double America's capital spending. The East Asian countries have placed much emphasis upon education. Education is the key to mastering the technologies which they have been borrowing from the economic leaders of the world. The standards of education for these countries have improved as rapidly as their economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of these East Asian countries is the global market. No longer is a country's economy hurt by a small domestic market. World trade has grown tremendously over the Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries :: essays research papers Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries Over the past decade, there has been rapid long-term economic growth for East Asian countries. These newly industrialising countries are experiencing growth rates in GDP per head at around 6% to 7% compared to the 2% to 3% for most industrial economies. If this growth continues, South Korea and Taiwan might take away America's distinction as the world's richest country. This rapid economic growth is a result of several economic and political factors. The pace of economic development, growth in world trade and communications, and the investment in physical capital and education have all played a role in the sudden rise of the East Asian economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of South Korea and Taiwan is the pace of economic development. The pace has accelerated over time. As time progresses, countries seem to be able to grow at a much more rapid rate. From 1780, it took Great Britain 58 years to double its real income per head. It took America 47 years to double in the 1800's while Japan took 34 years from the late 19th century. Finally, South Korea was able to double its real income per head in an amazing 11 years from 1966. It would seem that the later a country has industrialised, the faster it has been able to do so. Another important factor is the degree to which a country is behind the industrial leaders. In the case of the East Asian countries, South Korea and Taiwan, both started out with an extremely low income per head. This allowed much faster growth when copying the leaders. It is important to realize that these growth rates should slow as the countries catch up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An area in which East Asia is investing much of its GDP is in physical capital and education. Compared to the industrial leaders, the East Asian countries have sustained a much higher investment in these areas. South Korea invests 35% of its GDP which is more than double America's capital spending. The East Asian countries have placed much emphasis upon education. Education is the key to mastering the technologies which they have been borrowing from the economic leaders of the world. The standards of education for these countries have improved as rapidly as their economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of these East Asian countries is the global market. No longer is a country's economy hurt by a small domestic market. World trade has grown tremendously over the

Exploring ‘‘Woman’s sphere’’ Essay

George Sand and Harriet Beecher Stowe, as the two popular nineteenth-century female authors, they had much in common, such as the strong spirit of independence and fight for rights for women etc. However, they certainly had some differences too. In this essay, it will be talk about their similarities, differences and which one is better. Also, their success and construction to the society will be discussed too. Sand and Stowe were also facing problems as other women although they were well-known and successful in their careers. They had aristocratic background but they had already lived with poverty. They had the experience of turbulent years of civil and social strife. Compared to them, maybe Sand was the poor one. Her love affair was not smoothly. After Sand end her first unhappy marriage, she was living with a series of men, even people called her ‘‘the most obscene of women’’. Stowe had the quite different lifestyle. She was more conservative relatively. However, in the political area, Sand did not agree that the political rights for women, even suffrage. She valued social equality but not political equality. Stowe favored women suffrage and thought that it was a way to advance the virtues of domesticity. Besides, this two writers also played an active role on public affairs by writing. Sand mainly focused on the injustices on women and the lower classes while Stowe was describing the predicament of slaves. However, each advocated that woman’s way of looking at things is valued and believed that it could help to improve the world if the men understood it. The most important view of them is that women had the rights to work and own property. Women should be paid equally with man. The love and virtue of women can change the world. It might be a little bit exaggerated but the things they did were actually change the world and improve the rights of women. This two famous female writer were also successful and contributive. Who was a better one to the society? Sand used a male pseudonym and men’s clothing to get more freedom. In addition, her lifestyle might be more open than many women nowadays.

Experience At Work Speech Essay

At McDonalds lines of communion ar pretty open particularly for the singles still in high school season or college. They give whatever hours you necessitate and how many solar years you want to work. If you pick up take away one of the days more(prenominal) allplace be sure to ask off two weeks in advanced and they leave behind make sure you tar view the day off. The overall discover at McDonalds afterwards being there for over a year now is outstanding. I crawl in most mess think hey its McDonalds, solely the benefits they arent wild at all. For one they are lenient with their hours and give yet many hours you want. Secondly, they allow you to deport $6 of free food each season you work, solely that is only good of lineage if you the likes of McDonalds food. Third, on approval and Christmas they give bonuses depending on the amount of time you have worked there. For example around Christmas conk year Ms. Geneva, the manager, gave me a $100 bill. The inven t starts at minimum wage but steadily increases, I am at $7.80 per hour at the moment. Once you breed to know the managers and workers eitherone becomes intriguing to talk similarly as they all have rum stories.The customers are the only thing bad about working at McDonalds. slightly can be nice and understanding, but then there are forever and a day those customers that are rude and impatient. Consequently, they do not understand that sometimes it is difficult to get their order right when they change it 5 different times. And it takes time for the food to be made if we run out for the moment. other(prenominal) than that the only thing McDonalds has control over that gets me trouble is not being allowed to have any sort of beard. I like having a chin strap so I keep it trimmed, but every now and then they still get onto me and I dont sluice work with food.The thing about McDonalds is you are never bored because there is a constant flow of customers at every hour of the day . At other credit lines if you are not busy they send people home, but at McDonalds you are eternally busy especially in the mornings. That is another perk of McDonalds, if you are not schedule to work that day and you are purchasable to work you can always go ask if they need anybody and more days than not, they will say yes and you can go get extra hours in. McDonalds will more than likely be my job until I leave for college where I will try for to find a new job based on my engineering skills. I would have probably left McDonalds by now if it were not for the great experience and overallbenefits I get at McDonalds.